I often read National Review Online to see what conservatives are thinking about and to keep me angry enough to keep working to organize the DFL. I can put up with the pro-choice buttons and complaints about guns when I am reminded about how truly wrong and dangerous the other side really has become. Following is a response I made to a piece by Victor David Hanson, one of the most prominent apologists for the war in Iraq. I was responding to this piece on the importance of imposing democracy on the Middle East, by force if necessary.
Victor,
I am a loyal reader of your online material, mostly on NRO. Although I almost never agree with your conclusions or opinions, I very much enjoy the unique point of view that a classicist and historian brings to questions of politics and military affairs. Your Feb.11 piece in NRO, “Why Democracy?” prompts me to write.
First, here’s where I am coming from: I opposed the invasion of Iraq (but, like most on the Left, supported the invasion of Afghanistan) primarily because I do not want to sign up for the task of democratizing the Middle East by force. I oppose such a task not because it is difficult or that people might get hurt or killed. If it were a good idea, difficulty and sacrifice would not be reasons to object. I, and many other liberals and conservatives alike, opposed the war on Iraq because it was strategically and morally wrong – it was the wrong war at the wrong time using the wrong tools. In addition to committing our two-war army to a second war that was not necessary today, if ever, the policy of imposing democracy by force is so wrought with inconsistency that failure is a very likely outcome of the adventure.
I do agree with your article in one way: democracy is a better form of governance than authoritarianism. But this is primarily because of a moral compass that says, “Violence is bad, and freedom is good, and it’s hard to have freedom with organized violence around,” which comes down to us from a couple of millennia of evolving Judeo-Christian thought and traditions. Democracy is about engaging in politics -- which is to say in fighting, or warfare -- about things that are very important, but without employing violence.
Regimes of governance and the meaning of life are two things that that are, in fact, worth fighting and dying – and sometimes worth killing – for. But since killing is wrong, democracy is a morally superior framework in which to conduct those battles. Our Founders knew this when, after the Revolution, they determined to build a form of government that would allow people to replace their governors without having to take up arms again. They designed a democracy rather than a new monarchy largely because it allows people to change rulers and oppose rules without having to kill anyone, unlike what they had to do to the British. Violent force is reserved only for stopping others from using it against us.
Since I see the establishment of democracy in the Middle East as primarily a human rights issue – a political concern – and not an imminent one of life and death for our country, I could not support using violence to establish it.
Let’s do a reality check on your top 10 reasons to support democracy in the Middle East:
1) Democracies don’t fight other democracies? You rightly highlight some of the violations of that rule. There are others, and as democracies become more common the violations are likely to continue. For example, I was in Ecuador in 1995 when that democratic country was attacked by its neighbor to the south, equally democratic Peru, because of a territorial dispute. (Ecuador quickly won the short but deadly military portion of that conflict before its inept leadership ceded everything that Peru had attacked Ecuador to get.) Would a democratic Iraq behave any better? Why should it? It has long lasting differences and territorial disputes with Iran and Kuwait, and internal political pressures could easily send that country to war again.
2) Democracies usually arise through violence? Maybe, but maybe not. Most of the democracies in Latin America today arose through non-violent protests or political maneuvers between civilian political parties and military-civilian bureaucratic dictatorships. Most of the newly emerged democracies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union came about through non-violent political action. The actions themselves were made possible through the non-violent cold war strategy started by Truman and Eisenhower and brought to decisive head by President Reagan. The credible threat of military force was integral to that strategy, but that does not constitute violence. Not a shot was fired to bring the Soviet Empire down. Instead, the defeat of communism was textbook case of the use of non-violent (but sometimes necessarily ruthless and cold-headed) diplomacy and popular politics to defeat the world’s most dangerous threat. Why couldn’t similar strategies have been applied to the far less dangerous Hussein regime?
3) Democracies are more likely to be internally stable? I agree based on the experience of the industrialized world, but the jury is still out on the Third World experience. Somalia, for example, was once the showcase democracy in Africa, established by the British Army and the UN. And we’ve all seen where Zimbabwe’s gone. Ecuador has seen its elected government overthrown by street mobs two times in the last ten years, and is dangerously close to experiencing it again. Columbia was until recently one of the most prosperous Latin American nations, with a strong history of constitutional democracy and an equally strong and grotesque history of civil violence. It is now home to the FARC, the world’s largest and best-organized terrorist organization. Venezuela, its democratic neighbor to the east appears to be guilty of supporting the FARC and its mission to overthrown the democratic government in Columbia. Democratic Peru was home to what is still the world’s deadliest terrorist organization – the Sendero Luminoso of the 1980’s and 90’s. The list goes on.
4) Democracy is contagious? Agreed; but so is violence.
5) There is nothing incompatible with Islam and democracy. Agreed, although Turkey’s experience is instructive. It took a dictatorial superhero – Ataturk – to purge religious zeal from the military and government, and it’s probably helpful that the secular government must approve the education and sermons of each and every Imam.
6) Democracy brings moral clarity and cures deluded populaces of their false grievances and exaggerated hurt? Tell that to Hugo Chavez and, for that matter, most Latin American political parties of both Left and Right. Political speech in many democratic countries is collage of anti-American invectives against whatever advice the current US Ambassador has given. The US is blamed for debt and poverty, not countries’ own corrupt policies or elected officials.
7) We worry mainly about nukes in the hands of autocracies like China, Iran, or North Korea? I worry a lot about nukes in India, Pakistan, and Russia, or anywhere where they may be used in violent conflict or sold to/stolen by terrorists. Because a single failure would be so catastrophic, everyone should be very worried about nuclear proliferation of any kind.
8) The promotion of democracy abroad by democracy at home is internally consistent and empowers rather than embarrasses a sponsoring consensual society? Agreed.
9) By promoting democracies, Americans can at last come to a reckoning with the Cold War? It is true that many mistakes were made that are coming back to hurt us. As Zbigniew Brezinski says, it was worth it to win the cold war against Communism. We are making many more mistakes now, instead of correcting them, with the idea that we can use our armed forces for democratic nation building. They weren’t meant for that – the Peace Corps and USAID were.
10) Like it or not, a growing consensus has emerged that consumer capitalism and democracy are the only ways to organize society? Agreed. We disagree about the means and methods, not that promoting democracy and human rights should be part of our foreign policy. Converting authoritarian regimes to democracies, however, is an end of its own, and it’s not necessarily the top priority for national security, nor is it something that that we are able to accomplish through military force.
Thanks for your thoughts.